Tag: Mechanical Engineering

New Year, New Refrigerants: Updates on the Refrigerant Phase-out

Posted on by 360 Engineering

The new year has come and passed and 2025 is in full swing! This also means the next stage of the HFC refrigerant phase-out is here, so let’s review what that means for us architects, engineers, and contractors.

As a reminder, from our 2023 blog here, the AIM act was passed in 2020. The American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act gives the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to regulate and phase down the production and use of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants. HFCs are known greenhouse gases, most of which are rated with a global warming potential (GWP) several thousand times that of carbon dioxide (which is the baseline of the scale, with a GWP of 1). The EPA has thus banned HFCs by setting limits to the allowable GWP of refrigerants manufactured or imported for use in the U.S. To Implement this ban, the EPA has implemented phase-out dates for the manufacturing and installation of different types of HVAC equipment, see below:

  • 1/1/2025: The manufacturing and import stop date for direct expansion (DX) and heat pump systems such as rooftop units, water source heat pumps, and split systems (including mini-split and multi-split heat pump systems)
    • This equipment has 1 year to be sold and installed until (1/1/2026).
  • 1/1/2026: The manufacturing and import stop date for Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems.
    • This equipment has 1 year to be sold and installed (until 1/1/2027)
    • If the construction project was issued an approved building permit prior to 10/5/2023, then installation is allowed until 1/1/2028.

This means that the DX and Heat Pump equipment that we select and specify on our projects (other than VRF) can no longer be manufactured or imported with R-410A refrigerant. Going forward we must design and specify DX and Heat Pump equipment with refrigerants that meet the GWP limitations set by the EPA, which will mostly be R-454B and R-32 in our industry.

The biggest impact of these new refrigerants is the change in refrigerant classification. R-410 is classified as an A1 refrigerant that has low toxicity and no flame propagation (the lowest flammability). The newly used R-454B and R-32 refrigerants are classified as A2L refrigerants. A2L refrigerants have a low toxicity, with low flammability. This increased refrigerant classification from an A1 to an A2L refrigerant has increased code requirements to ensure the safety of the occupants, which must be considered in our designs going forward.

With the transition to these new A2L refrigerants in full swing, the following should be considered for projects in varying stages of the design and construction process:

  • Projects in design should only be specifying equipment with low GWP refrigerants (other than VRF equipment). Code calculations shall be completed throughout design to implement any requirements needed to meet all code requirements. This could require transfer openings between rooms, refrigerant detection systems, or refrigerant exhaust systems.
  • If projects that had been put on hold or had a long break between phases are coming back to life, the current mechanical system design shall be discussed with the mechanical engineer to confirm the implication of the new refrigerants on the project and what changes may be required. This may require some redesign of the mechanical systems, which could include changing the mechanical system type, reselecting DX equipment, completing refrigerant calculations, and implementing design changes to meet the requirements of the code. The time to make these changes should be considered between the engineer, the architect, and the owner.
  • Projects in the beginning stages of construction shall be coordinated with the contractor to confirm if the DX equipment has been ordered or can still be ordered, received, and installed by the EPA-required dates. If the specified equipment with the old refrigerant cannot be ordered and/or installed, the engineer will need to complete the code-required refrigerant calculations to ensure the new refrigerants work with the design or implement design changes to meet the code.

With the shift to the newest refrigerants, one of our biggest restrictions as the selecting and specifying engineers over the past several months has been the ability to actually select the equipment with the new refrigerants and attain the refrigerant charges, equipment capacities, and efficiency ratings. Over the last month, a majority of manufacturers have confirmed the availability to select equipment with the new refrigerants, which allows us to finalize equipment selections and calculations. While there are still some minor restrictions in the availability of equipment specifics as the manufacturers continue to get the new equipment tested, the major equipment information is mostly available to move forward with selections.

In summary, the new refrigerant changes are upon us and will require additional calculations and coordination for DX systems that should be considered for projects in various stages of design and construction. The equipment manufacturers have made big strides to provide us, as the engineers, the information we need to get equipment selections, but there may be some minor lagging information we may need to wait for confirmation on. Overall, 360 Engineering is excited to move away from the limbo between two refrigerant types and start moving toward a more sustainable future.

NPS Ozark Big Spring – Mechanical Coordination in Tight Spaces

Posted on by 360 Engineering

The National Park Service was looking to renovate its existing Lodge building and cabins at the Ozark National Scenic Riverway Big Spring site in Missouri. The site includes thirteen (13) rentable cabin buildings, a concessioner’s house, a laundry building, a museum building, and the riverfront lodge. The area had experienced historical flooding in 2015 where the lodge itself was in 10’ of water on the main level photographed above. This flooding closed the park site, and all the buildings sat dormant until this project was initiated. The lodge experienced the worst damage, and all systems required full replacement. The other buildings onsite were lucky to be higher on the hillside and were not flooded. The lodge building provides spaces for park users and guests to congregate and eat meals and serves as a launch point on the river, where there is newly built dock access. This lodge is also outfitted with a commercial kitchen for the concessioner to provide meals for the guests. 

Close Coordination & Minimizing Mechanical Space Needs

Missouri experiences high humidity, so the mechanical systems were designed with full dehumidification in mind. The existing systems serving the lodge were non-existent; there was no heating or cooling serving the building previously. This required new mechanical space to be created outside to account for these cooling and heating needs. These new outdoor systems serving the lodge are two heat pump condensing units and a makeup air unit for the kitchen.

Makeup Air Unit at the Kitchen

The makeup air unit was a tight fit, but we were able to work with the existing area on the side of the lodge. The two new heat pump condensing units, however, were going to require a new mechanical yard to be formed. This lodge is a historical structure, so everything needs to be done to maintain the current aesthetics. We took extensive care to minimize the mechanical yard footprint and position it to hide mechanical equipment from the general public’s view.

Mechanical Yard Behind the Lodge

Ultimately, the mechanical space created was the ideal size and location to leave the least impact on the site while still providing complete heating, cooling, and dehumidification to what was formerly a hot, cold, and stuffy building.

Air Handling Units Above the Ceiling

We had new heat pump air handling units installed above the ceiling inside the building. These units were about as large as you could fit within these existing ceiling cavities, but through close coordination with our structural engineer and architect, we developed solutions to make these units semi-removable for ease of replacement at the end of their life and provide ideal access for ease of serviceability during their operational lifespan.

Maximizing Energy Efficiency with Air and Water-Side Economizers This Fall

Posted on by 360 Engineering

It’s that time of year again – the season of pumpkin spice everything, football games filling our weekends, and a prime opportunity to save on energy costs using air and water-side economizers. As temperatures drop during cool fall mornings (typically between 45-55°F), facilities have an excellent chance to leverage natural cooling to reduce mechanical refrigeration needs. Implementing and maintaining these economizer systems can result in substantial energy savings while also extending the life of HVAC equipment. Let’s dive into how economizers work and explore additional tips to optimize them this season.

Image Credit: EnergyStar.gov

Understanding Air-Side Economizers

Air-side economizers take advantage of the cool outside air to provide free cooling for buildings, significantly cutting down on the use of traditional air conditioning. When outside air temperatures are lower than the desired indoor temperature, air-side economizers allow fresh air to be brought in, mixed with the return air, and circulated throughout the building, reducing the need for mechanical cooling.

Here are a few maintenance tasks and checks to ensure your air-side economizer operates at peak performance:
  1. Inspect Outside Air Dampers: Verify that the outside air dampers open and close properly according to control commands.
  2. Check Relief/Exhaust Dampers: Just as the intake dampers need to work properly, relief or exhaust dampers must also function smoothly to maintain the building’s pressure balance.
  3. Calibrate Sensors: Temperature and humidity sensors are vital for economizer operation, as they determine when to open the economizer dampers.
  4. Control Sequence Verification: Ensure the economizer control sequences are properly set up and functioning.

Leveraging Water-Side Economizers

Water-side economizers provide another energy-saving opportunity, especially for facilities equipped with cooling towers. As outside temperatures drop, cooling towers can cool water to lower temperatures without the need to operate chillers. Water-side economizers typically work by using the cooling tower water to precool the chilled water supply or to bypass the chiller altogether under the right conditions.

To maximize the benefits of water-side economizers, keep these tips in mind:
  1. Monitor Condenser Water Temperatures: Cooler outdoor temperatures should result in lower condenser water temperatures.
  2. Clean Cooling Towers and Strainers: Cooling towers can collect leaves and debris during the fall season, which can reduce their efficiency.
  3. Use Variable Speed Drives on Pumps and Fans: Adjusting the speed of pumps and fans can significantly reduce energy consumption.
  4. Take Advantage of Integrated Controls: Many modern systems have integrated control capabilities that allow both air and water-side economizers to work together seamlessly.

Additional Tips for Optimizing Economizer Performance

  1. Conduct a Fall Maintenance Check: As temperatures begin to drop, schedule a thorough inspection of your HVAC system, including both air and water-side economizers.
  2. Install Economizer Fault Detection and Diagnostics (FDD): Economizer FDD systems can automatically detect common issues like sensor failures, damper malfunctions, or improper control sequences.
  3. Implement Night Purge Strategies: In addition to standard economizer use, consider implementing a night purge strategy during fall and spring when temperature swings are common.
  4. Regularly Review Trend Data: Take advantage of building automation systems to track economizer performance data over time.

Fall is an ideal time to optimize your economizer systems, taking advantage of cooler temperatures to reduce reliance on mechanical cooling and save energy. Whether you are using air-side or water-side economizers, regular maintenance, proper control setup, and monitoring can make a substantial difference in energy efficiency. By following these tips, you can ensure your economizers are operating at peak performance.

Understanding the Differences Between VRF and Split Systems

Posted on by 360 Engineering

When it comes to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), two popular options are Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems and traditional split systems. While both effectively control indoor climates, they differ significantly in design, functionality, and applications.

What is a Split System?

A split system consists of two main components: an indoor unit and an outdoor unit. The outdoor unit houses the compressor and condenser, while the indoor unit contains the evaporator coil. These units are connected by refrigerant lines, allowing for heat exchange.

Key Features of Split Systems:

Simplicity: Split systems are relatively straightforward in design, making installation easier and generally less expensive.

Zoning Limitations: Each indoor unit operates independently, but typically, you can only cool or heat one area at a time per system, limiting zoning capabilities.

Cost-Effectiveness: They are generally more affordable upfront compared to VRF systems, making them a popular choice for smaller homes or individual spaces.

Maintenance: Maintenance is usually more straightforward, with fewer complex components and simpler servicing.

Typical Single Zone Split System

What is a VRF System?

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems are a more advanced HVAC technology designed to provide precise temperature control and energy efficiency. VRF systems utilize a single outdoor unit connected to multiple indoor units, allowing for individualized climate control in different areas.

Key Features of VRF Systems:

Quiet Operation: These systems tend to operate more quietly than traditional systems, enhancing indoor comfort.

Energy Efficiency: VRF systems adjust the flow of refrigerant based on each space’s heating and cooling needs, resulting in significant energy savings.

Zoning Flexibility: With the ability to connect multiple indoor units, VRF systems can effectively provide heating and cooling in different zones simultaneously, offering tailored comfort.

Advanced Controls: VRF systems often have sophisticated control options, allowing for remote management and monitoring of each indoor unit.

Typical Multizone VRF System with Simultaneous Heating and Cooling

They Sound Pretty Similar, so What Are the Differences?

1. Design and Configuration

  • Split Systems: Generally simpler, with one outdoor and one or more indoor units. Suitable for smaller installations.
  • VRF Systems: More complex, featuring one outdoor unit connected to multiple indoor units. Ideal for larger spaces or buildings with varying heating and cooling needs.

2. Energy Efficiency

  • Split Systems: While energy-efficient, they don’t offer the same level of modulation as VRF systems, which can lead to higher energy consumption in larger installations.
  • VRF Systems: Highly efficient due to their ability to adjust refrigerant flow based on demand, leading to reduced energy costs over time.

3. Cost

  • Split Systems: Lower initial investment makes them attractive for residential or smaller commercial applications.
  • VRF Systems: Higher upfront cost but often results in lower long-term operational costs due to their efficiency.

4. Installation and Maintenance

  • Split Systems: Easier to install and maintain, requiring less specialized training for technicians.
  • VRF Systems: Installation can be more complex, requiring skilled professionals for proper setup and maintenance.

5. Application Suitability

  • Split Systems: Best suited for single-family homes, small offices, or individual rooms.
  • VRF Systems: Ideal for larger commercial spaces, multi-story buildings, and facilities needing customized climate control.

Conclusion

Choosing between a VRF system and a split system ultimately depends on your specific needs, budget, and the scale of your HVAC requirements. Split systems are excellent for smaller spaces where simplicity and cost-effectiveness are priorities. In contrast, VRF systems shine in larger, more complex environments that demand energy efficiency and precise control. Whether you opt for a split system or a VRF system, both can contribute significantly to your indoor comfort when appropriately selected and installed.

Sustainability Meets a New Era of Learning: Welcome to DPS RASA

Posted on by 360 Engineering

New School Year, New School

Denver Public Schools (DPS) pushed the design envelope with this over 60,000-square-foot ground-up new school. The current design houses grades ECE through 5th grade with a future Phase 2 expansion to bring it up through 8th grade and just shy of 80,000 square feet. Phase 1 was designed with Phase 2 in mind, from mechanical loads and water heater capacity down to sanitary sewer piping depth. As the architect, DLR Group led the design team in which 360 Engineering provided mechanical and plumbing engineering and consulting. Responsive Arts & STEAM Academy FNE (RASA) hosted its ribbon-cutting ceremony on Friday, August 2, 2024, just in time for the new school year!

The RASA approach is built on a culturally sustaining, community-responsive foundation that respects all learners. It aims to foster a lifelong love of learning through creative and critical thinking, project-based learning, and the discovery of students’ talents. The model emphasizes the Arts as essential to learning, integrating them across subjects to promote higher-order thinking. Historically, students in Far Northeast Denver have lacked access to robust arts education, but RASA seeks to change this by valuing emotional education alongside logic and reasoning, creating a more holistic human experience.

Energy Modeling and Mechanical Systems

The design team was tasked with designing a highly energy-efficient building. Energy modeling was used to compare three mechanical systems:

  1. Packaged Heat Pump Roof Top Units (RTUs) with downstream Variable Air Volume (VAV) boxes with electric zone heating.
  2. A geothermal heat pump system.
  3. Chilled beam cooling with radiant heating flooring.

Each system has pros and cons, which were discussed in detail with 360’s input and guidance. The biggest decision points were identified as installation cost, energy efficiency (measured in Energy Use Intensity or EUI, given as a measure of energy use per square foot per year), maintenance requirements, and operational costs. The VAV RTU system was chosen as it provided the best efficiency with the lowest installation cost and a familiar system for the District’s facilities maintenance team to work with. This system also included air-side economizers and energy recovery wheels to further increase efficiency and make use of the dry Colorado air. Additionally, the controls systems monitor CO2 levels in the various spaces and modulate the outdoor air intakes to provide the right amount of ventilation (known as Demand Control Ventilation), providing the right balance between energy savings—less outdoor air to heat or cool—and indoor air quality, keeping CO2 levels down and enough fresh air coming in to keep learning minds active and alert!

All Electric

With RASA’s successful grand opening, the design team immediately began designing the Phase 2 expansion. We are excited to see the school we have designed realize its potential as a safe, energy-efficient facility that will foster growth in the next generation.

With a mindset for the future, the school was designed to be all-electric: the mechanical system is powered using heat pump technology, domestic water heating is electric, and all kitchen appliances are electric—even the ranges and ovens are induction-type! This is the District’s first all-electric school.

Commissioning in the Hottest Place on Earth!

Posted on by 360 Engineering

Our projects with the National Park Service take us to some pretty cool places…this is not one of them. Death Valley National Park (DEVA) holds the record for the highest recorded temperature on the face of our planet, at over 130°F! As you might imagine, it takes a lot to keep buildings comfortable in a climate like that. 360 is currently wrapping up a project in DEVA, specifically at Scotty’s Castle, where the design team replaced an outdated water source heat pump system with a full water-cooled chiller plant and hydronic boiler system. The team utilized a former stable building as a mechanical room to house boilers and chillers and routed buried piping hundreds of yards to the castle itself in tunnels built by Scotty nearly 100 years ago. The system utilizes a closed-loop cooling tower to minimize water loss while still taking advantage of the dry air’s low wet bulb temperature to reject heat from inside the castle to the ambient air far away from the building.

Scotty’s Castle, nestled in the hills of Death Valley. The clock tower is not visible from this angle, but it truly adds the castle feel, moat and all!

All in all, a well-thought-out and resilient system that will provide effective and reliable cooling and heating (it does get cold in Death Valley sometimes!) for years to come, making the visitor (and Park staff) experience more enjoyable and sustainable. But the best system design can be crippled if the systems are not properly started up, tested, and deficiencies corrected before the building occupants move in—in other words, commissioning! The certified Commissioning Authorities (CxAs) at both 3601 and AE Design teamed up to visit the site, observe the system installations, and put the equipment through its paces to make sure everything is installed and operating as intended by the design team.

The Stables at Scotty’s Castle are now home to the chillers and boilers that bring 21st-century comfort to the 20th-century castle.

The commissioning process began with a review of the construction documents as well as equipment submittals in order to familiarize ourselves with the systems being installed and the design intent for their function and operation. From there, we developed both pre-functional checklists (PFCs) and functional performance test protocols (FPTs). The PFCs are filled out by the installing contractor and serve as a quality control and assurance check to ensure systems have been provided and built with all necessary components for operation and are ready to be tested against the design intent and sequences of operation. Once the contractor confirms systems are ready for functional testing via the PFCs, the commissioning (Cx) team books a flight and heads to the site for testing.

We check every system visually to confirm that systems and equipment match what was submitted and approved by the design team and that installed layouts match the design intent in the construction documents. We then work with the mechanical and controls contractors to test the systems using the FPT protocols previously developed. These tests include various modes of operation, such as typical occupied/unoccupied operations, generating false heating/cooling loads to make sure the boilers, chillers, various pumps, and valves all react as intended, and even simulating failure modes to make sure that redundant systems come online when needed and equipment is properly protected in the event of a real equipment or system failure in the future. The Cx team documents the installed conditions and the results of the various tests and provides a log of deficiencies to be addressed before final handover of the project to the owner. As needed, the Cx team makes additional site visits to follow up on deficiencies and make sure all systems have been observed as fully operational before issuing the final Commissioning Report.

Commissioning is a vital process, particularly for complex projects and systems. The fact that our team made several trips to the site in order to complete all the testing and re-testing of systems to ensure everything is operating per the design intent and owner’s project requirements illustrates two key concepts. First, that commissioning is critical for the success of a project, as the list of deficiencies and the need for multiple trips to close out those issues clearly shows—rarely is everything installed and operating 100% correctly the first time it’s put to the test! Second, 360 and AE Design are committed to ensuring that the systems turned over to the owner are fully functional and will serve the building occupants well for years to come. It helps that we get to visit some pretty cool places—even if they’re actually rather hot!

The Cx team works with the contractor to manipulate the system controls for various operating conditions and takes verification measurements.

Interested in learning more about Scotty’s Castle? You should be! Check out the links below.2,3

1Wondering how 360 can be the designer and the CxA at the same time? We maintain objectivity by keeping the CxA completely uninvolved with the design team throughout the design process. Our CxAs work for the owner, either contracted directly or under the general contractor and are accountable to only them. While we obviously work together with the design team through the commissioning process, our CxAs always pursue the goal of helping the whole team achieve the owner’s project requirements and are not afraid to challenge the contractor or the design team when needed to attain that goal.

2https://www.nps.gov/deva/learn/historyculture/building-scottys-castle.htm

3https://www.dvconservancy.org/scottys-castle/

The Do’s and Don’ts of Architectural Design: By a Mechanical Engineer

Posted on by 360 Engineering

At 360, we love to be team players and share our ideas and insights with our fellow consultants. And boy, do we have ideas! This month, we wanted to help out our architect friends with some brilliant tips and tricks for working with mechanical engineers and making buildings awesome.

Chase Sizes

Everyone loved throwing things down the laundry chute as a kid, so why not bring that excitement to the workplace by adding chases sprinkled throughout the floorplan? Never concede to smaller chases, as they should occupy no less than 25% of the floor. Oh, and make sure you can fit some ductwork and pipes in there if possible. (Picture shown for reference of a building chase)

Do: Provide chases with a minimum of 100 square feet, a large access panel (preferably 3’ wide and 7’ tall with a handle or knob for entry), and a large glass panel to allow observations from outside.

Don’t: Provide only one chase in the building. It may feel entitled and eventually resent the occupants.

Picture shown for reference of a building chase.

Quadruple Paned Windows

Everyone wants to fight for the window seat in the office, but no one wants the perks of afternoon glares, cold spots, and the potential of pedestrians looking in. There are many architectural advances to mitigate those risks, but none more effective than quadruple-paned windows. The more layers you add, the less heat transfers through the window, and the harder someone will have to squint to see inside. While quadruple-paned windows may be a good option, why stop there? Double stacking quadruple pane windows is an even more effective way to not only introduce unique light reflections in the space but also add architectural personality to buildings with windows that are thicker than the walls.

Do: Install double-stacked (heck, even triple-stacked) quadruple-pane windows.

Don’t: Default to the cost-effective, low solar gain, and easy-to-install windows.

Insulation Thickness

Insulation is best described as the warm blanket in the walls that the framing snuggles to keep warm at night. Traditionally, insulation is installed using rigid boards, spray foam, or stuffed batt insulation. However, to give a modern approach to building insulation, we recommend installing rigid dish sponges, silly string spray, or stuffed goose feather pillows as a much better insulation material. If you don’t have any of those materials handy, just stuff the walls with whatever you can find. It’ll be fine!

Do: Provide a wall stuffed full of Kleenex to reduce the HVAC size needed and use the previous batt insulation as blankets on the couch—just be prepared to be extremely itchy as you binge the newest season of Real Housewives.

Don’t: Provide boring rigid or batt insulation in the walls.

Disclaimer: This blog post was released on April 1st, and while 360 Engineering is not a licensed architecture firm, we do have some really great ideas for the advancement of architecture! Call us about your next project; we’ve got quadruple-paned windows ready for you!

COPs Higher than 3’s: The Efficiency of Heat Pumps!

Posted on by 360 Engineering

If you’ve been thinking about your mechanical system lately, you’ve probably come across the magical buzzwords “Heat Pumps.” But why does everyone love them so much, and are they really that much better than gas-fired heating equipment?

At its very core, heat pumps just move heat from one space to another, hence the name! At the technical level, they use refrigerant circuits, similar to what’s found in your air conditioner or refrigerator, to extract heat from one space and move it into another. In the ancient, inefficient past, you needed one piece of equipment to heat the space (furnaces, electric heaters, boilers, etc.) and another to cool the space (air conditioners, chillers, etc.) The beauty of a heat pump is that it comes with a small reversing valve within the outdoor unit that can flip the rotation of refrigerant and provide heating instead of cooling to a targeted space. That’s why they’re effective at heating AND cooling the space as a single system.

If all of that has your head spinning, focus on the key terms:

Heat Source: Where is the heat coming from? It could be inside the building, and you want to remove it, or outside it, and you want to bring heat inside.

Heat Sink: Where are you dumping the heat? You can reject heat outside the building to cool the inside spaces down or reject heat inside the building if you want to heat it up.

Coefficient of Performance (COP): This is a ratio of the amount of energy (heat) that comes out of the mechanical system compared to the amount of energy (electricity or fuel) put into the system. Higher is better!

Heat pumps grab heat from the heat source and move it to the heat sink. That’s it! Nothing more complicated about it.

Gas-fired appliances must burn fuel (heat source) to generate heat into the air/water (heat sink), and high-efficiency units have a COP of only ~0.97. Even electric resistance heaters must produce electrical heat to heat the air/water but have an almost equal input-to-output COP of ~1.0. “You get out what you put in.” However, heat pumps don’t rely on heat generation; most of the heat is just transferring already generated heat from one source to another space. And that requires significantly less energy input than generating that heat-so much less energy that the ratio of heat output from a heat pump when compared to the energy it takes to run a heat pump can be upwards of 300% or a COP OF HIGHER THAN 3!

Whether it’s freezing outside or you’re sweating inside your building, heat pumps are an efficient way to relocate that heat to an appropriate heat sink. Gone are the days of accepting a 97% efficient furnace. Now, heat pumps are pushing the limits of energy efficiency, and who can say no to something 3-5 times more efficient than your current boiler?

Here are a few of our current and recent projects where we’ve used heat pumps in the mechanical system design:

  • Arapahoe Library District Administration Building
  • NREL Flatirons Campus Control Center Facility
  • NPS Fort Vancouver National Historic Site Building 725
  • NPS Rocky Mountain National Park Fall River Entrance Station
  • NPS Zion National Park South Campground
  • NPS Tumacacori National Historical Park Satellite Administrative Office Building
  • Denver Zoo Sea Lions Exhibit
  • DPS Fallis Elementary School – READ MORE ABOUT THIS PROJECT

Lovers of Louvers: Mechanical Engineering Romance this Valentine’s Day!

Posted on by 360 Engineering

It’s hard to imagine an inanimate object capable of being loved, but let me share my viewpoint.

They matter!  Louvers are used in both intake and exhaust applications for HVAC systems.  Without louvers, we would have large openings on the side of the building with screens, allowing all the snow and rain to enter.  So, how does a louver keep all the driving rain and snow out of the building?  Louvers have varying blade shapes that provide different performances.  All louvers are tested via a standard test to determine the point at which water will pass through.  The air velocity in which water passes through a louver varies anywhere from 300 feet per minute (fpm) to over 1,000 fpm.  When an engineer sizes a louver, they size one such that the velocity of airflow will remain below the tested penetration threshold.  The louver plays an important role in keeping water out of the building.

Louver sizing is also impacted by the amount of free area they provide.  Louvers are rated with pressure drops, which need to be calculated in the sizing of fans within the mechanical system.  A louver that has a high-pressure drop increases the need for a larger fan and more energy usage.  A louver with a low-pressure drop allows for less fan energy.  Who doesn’t love something that takes less energy?

Louvers come in all shapes, sizes, and colors.  They want to be sized to reduce the water penetration and pressure drop, but you can integrate them into the context of the building.  There are rectangular ones, square ones, round ones, triangular ones, and, in the spirit of love, diamond-shaped ones.

Can you spot the louvers in the above photos?

When I was a young engineer, spell check was a new tool.  And on one project, all of the keynotes referencing louvers were autocorrected to “lovers.”  The contractor had some fun with this, and I am now on the lookout for “lovers” on projects. 

–Denise M. Dihle, PE, 360 Engineering Founder, President, Principal

Gunnison County Library – The Road to Net Zero

Posted on by 360 Engineering

Gunnison County Libraries was looking to replace its existing library in Gunnison, Colorado, with a new sustainable building providing flexible and functional community space. The 15,000-square-foot public facility also needed to stand up to the harsh and variable weather conditions experienced in Gunnison. The high-elevation mountain sun is intense all year round, while winter ambient temperatures in the Gunnison Valley can drop below negative 30 degrees. In addition to cold temps, deep and heavy snow is common, so careful design of the roof systems by the Anderson Hallas Architects team was critical to handling snow and ice. 

Energy Modeling and Assistance in Achieving Sustainability Goals

360 Engineering provided mechanical and plumbing engineering services, including energy modeling and assistance in achieving sustainability goals for the project. The design team was tasked with providing a building with an EUI (Energy Use Intensity) under 30.  As a reference, the median EUI for a library in the US is 71.6 (Energy Star Benchmarking).  The energy-efficient mechanical system combined geothermal ground source heat pumps and a variable air volume dedicated outside air system (VAV DOAS) with new DDC controls. The energy model completed at the end of the design predicted an EUI of 27.

Building EUI (Energy Use Intensity) goals for Net Zero

What does a low EUI have to do with Net Zero?  A chart was developed by Building Green (BuildingGreen.com) to provide EUI goals for buildings that, combined with a solar PV array, provide a pathway to a Net Zero building.  The Gunnison Library, a single-story, 15,000-square-foot building, has a targeted EUI of over 50.  However, the chart developed by Building Green is based on a building using 70% electric and 30% natural gas.  Having a goal of reducing fossil fuels and a fully electrified building shifts this chart, and the design goal of under 30 EUI puts us on the right track to achieve Net Zero.

Utilizing Solar

The Gunnison Library utilizes an 18kW solar array with the intent that solar PV could be expanded as the allowable kW per array increases.  The 18kW array provides 1.2 watts per square foot and is a minimal array, considering the average size of residential arrays are 7.1 kW (NREL).  

So, how is the building doing?  Over the last five months, the building has been operating with an EUI of 15.5! As mechanical engineers, this isn’t just a triumph; it’s a testament to our role in shaping a future where Net Zero isn’t a lofty ideal but a measurable reality. It’s a call to action for mechanical engineers everywhere—to engineer not just systems but sustainable solutions that propel us toward a future where our buildings don’t just weather the storm but become beacons of environmental responsibility.